Yellow caterpillars with black heads are a sight many gardeners and nature enthusiasts have come across. These crawling critters stand out with their vibrant colors, but they can sometimes be tricky to identify exactly. This guide covers some of the most common yellow and black caterpillar species to help you learn more about these intriguing insects. We’ll look at identification features, food sources, habitats and more so you can get better acquainted with any yellow and black caterpillars you find.
Why Do Some Caterpillars Have Black Heads?
The black coloring on the heads of certain caterpillars serves an important purpose. The stark contrast between the bright yellow bodies and black heads helps break up the caterpillar’s outline. This can make them harder for potential predators to spot as they feed on leaves and plants. The black head also often has markings or patterns that help camouflage the caterpillar against foliage and bark. So while a solid black head might seem like an easy target, it actually helps conceal the caterpillar quite well!
American Dagger Moth Caterpillar
One of the most well-known yellow caterpillars with a black head is the American dagger moth, known scientifically as Acronicta americana. This fuzzy caterpillar has a distinct look with its hairy yellow body and pencil-like black tufts.
Identification
- Long black hairs protruding in tufts from behind the head and from the rear
- Covered in yellow hairs that appear white as caterpillar matures
- Shiny black oval head
- Grows up to 2 inches long
Food Feeds on the leaves of trees like birch elm oak, maple and willow.
Habitat: Found throughout eastern North America in woodlands and forests. Often spotted in gardens and urban areas.
Fun Fact The irritating hairs of the American dagger caterpillar can sting if touched, leading to rashes or hives for sensitive individuals. So it’s best to look but not touch this fuzzy species!
Sycamore Tussock Moth Caterpillar
With its pale yellow body and dramatic black and orange tufts, the sycamore tussock moth caterpillar is a beauty. Look for it munching on leaves of its favorite food source.
Identification:
- Pale yellow and white hairs covering the body
- Pair of long orange hairs at the head end, white hairs at the rear
- Small size, only about 1 inch long when mature
Food: Sycamore, maple and other broadleaf tree leaves
Habitat: Deciduous forests and trees in the eastern U.S.
Fun Fact: The sycamore tussock moth caterpillar’s hairs can cause an allergic reaction in some people. So while this species isn’t aggressive, it’s still best not to touch.
Yellow-Spotted Tussock Moth Caterpillar
This is a bushier caterpillar species covered in clumps of yellow and black hairs. It makes its home in deciduous trees, where its colors help provide camouflage.
Identification:
- Yellow hairs in tufts along the back, longer black hairs in front
- Long white “bottlebrush” hairs protruding from both ends
- Bright yellow and black alternating colors
- Black head
Food: Broadleaf trees like poplar, willow, alder and oak
Habitat: Deciduous forests in eastern North America
Fun Fact: The jutting black hairs of the yellow-spotted tussock caterpillar can sting if you brush up against them. So it’s another beauty best admired from a slight distance.
Yellow Woolly Bear
No list of yellow and black caterpillars would be complete without mentioning the iconic woolly bear! This fuzzy black-headed species eventually transforms into the Isabella tiger moth.
Identification:
- Mostly black with brown or orange in the middle
- Covered in short black hairs
- Longer black hairs protruding from the head area
- Grows to about 2 inches long
Food: Favors herbs and low-growing plants like dandelions, clover, grass
Habitat: A versatile species found across most of North America in fields, forests, and backyards
Fun Fact: Folklore suggests the orange band of a woolly bear caterpillar can forecast winter severity based on its width, but actual studies haven’t demonstrated a strong correlation.
Redhumped Caterpillar
As this species’ name indicates, look for the red bump behind its solid black head to identify it. The redhumped caterpillar also sports dashing yellow stripes.
Identification:
- Yellow body with black stripes running lengthwise
- Black head that develops red nodule in third segment
- Black fleshy spines around body segments
- Grows up to 1.5 inches long
Food: Foliage of trees like cherry, oak, cottonwood, willow
Habitat: Deciduous forests and trees in eastern and central North America
Fun Fact: While the redhumped caterpillar will munch its way through a diverse variety of tree leaves, oaks seem to be a preferred food source in many regions.
Grapeleaf Skeletonizer
This yellow and black caterpillar earns its name from the lace-like damage it leaves behind on grapevines and related plants. Look closely to spot the rows of tiny dots decorating its body.
Identification:
- Bright yellow body with thin black stripes
- Rows of small black dots between stripes
- Black head and legs
- Less than an inch long when fully mature
Food: Grapes and related vines like Virginia creeper
Habitat: Wherever grapes and related vines grow across North America
Fun Fact: The grapeleaf skeletonizer caterpillar will occasionally feed on plants like apple and peach trees as well when grape leaves are in short supply.
Zebra Caterpillar
True to its name, this species sports sleek black and bright yellow stripes for a handsome zebra-like look. It’s another relatively small caterpillar species.
Identification:
- Black and yellow bands running lengthwise down its body
- Rounded black head
- Black underside
- Grows to about 1.5 inches long
Food: General vegetation including herbaceous plants, clover, grasses
Habitat: Fields and grassy areas across North America
Fun Fact: The zebra caterpillar freezes and drops to the ground when threatened. This helps camouflage it against soil and leaf litter to avoid predation.
Yellownecked Caterpillar
The yellownecked caterpillar is aptly named for the vibrant yellow coloring covering most of its body. Its thick black stripes and other markings make it stand out.
Identification:
- Primarily bright yellow
- Broad black stripes around body segments
- Black head capsule
- Spiky protrusions on body
- Twists in a “U” shape when threatened
- Grows up to 2 inches long
Food: Tree leaves like pecan, oak, hickory, cherry, elm
Habitat: Deciduous trees in eastern and central North America
Fun Fact: While the yellownecked caterpillar will munch on a variety of deciduous tree foliage, hickory and walnut leaves seem to be preferred forsythia
Identifying Other Yellow and Black Caterpillars
The species covered above represent just a sampling of the many types of yellow and black caterpillars that may be spotted. Other options include cinnabar moth caterpillars, mullein moth larvae, marbled yellow pearl moth caterpillars and more.
The takeaway is that yellow and black coloration provides protective camouflage and warning coloration for many caterpillar species. So don’t be too alarmed if you come across an unknown yellow critter with a black head chomping through your garden. Observe it from a safe distance, note identifying features, and research possibilities. With a bit of practice, you’ll be identifying yellow and black caterpillars in no time!
How to identify caterpillars
A caterpillar is the larval stage of a moth or butterfly. It is the second part of their four-stage life cycle: egg, larva, pupa and adult. Many caterpillars look very different as they grow, so weve described the larger stages of the caterpillars growth when theyre often more obvious. Some are easily spotted on their favourite food plants. Here are some of the species youre likely to see!
When & where: August-June. A variety of habitats including gardens, but especially damp grassland, marshes and boggy areas.
Description: Up to 7 cm long. Dark and covered with brown hairs and golden speckles. A row of white hairs runs down each side of the body.
Drinker moth caterpillar ©Chris Lawrence
Drinker moth caterpillar ©Tom Marshall
Drinker caterpillar © Guy Edwardes/2020VISION
Young drinker caterpillar © Vaughn Matthews
When & where: June-April, most obvious in spring. Often heathland and coastal grassland.
Description: Up to 7 cm long. Hairy, with long dark hairs on the sides of the body and shorter orange hairs on top. Young caterpillars are dark with orange bands.
Fox moth caterpillar ©David Longshaw
Fox moth caterpillar by Tom Hibbert
Fox moth caterpillar by David Longshaw
Early instar fox moth caterpillar © Frank Porch
When & where: August-June. A variety of habitats including grassland, heathland, fens, and hedgerows. Often found crawling across paths in spring.
Description: Young caterpillars in late summer and autumn are small and bluish with orange diamond patterns. More obvious in spring, when caterpillars are large and extremely furry, with long, orange-brown hairs. There are black bands between each body segment, and white dashes on each side.
Oak eggar caterpillar © Tom Hibbert
Oak eggar caterpillar © Frank Porch
Oak eggar caterpillar © Vaughn Matthews
Early instar oak eggar caterpillar © Frank Porch
Early instar oak eggar caterpillar © Frank Porch
When & where: August-June. A wide range of habitats including gardens.
Description: Up to 6 cm long. An extremely hairy caterpillar, known as the “woolly bear”. Mostly black and ginger, with longer white hairs.
Garden tiger caterpillar © Frank Porch
Garden tiger caterpillar ©Amy Lewis
Garden tiger caterpillar © Faye Davies
Garden tiger caterpillar © Brian Eversham
When & where: July-September. Found on ragwort in most grassy habitats.
Description: The caterpillars of this moth are distinctive, with black and yellow stripes – warning predators that they taste terrible. Theyre easily spotted feeding on ragwort.
Cinnabar moth caterpillar ©Andrew Hankinson
Cinnabar caterpillars © Jon Hawkins – Surrey Hills Photography
Cinnabar caterpillar © Niall Benvie/2020VISION
When & where: June-September. A variety of habitats, including gardens. Often where rosebay willowherb is found.
Description: Up to 8.5 cm long. A chunky green or brown caterpillar, with several eyespots at the front end and a spiky tail at the rear.
Elephant hawk-moth caterpillar ©Dawn Monrose
Elephant hawk-moth caterpillar © Tom Hibbert
Elephant hawk-moth caterpillar © Vaughn Matthews
Elephant hawk-moth caterpillar © Tom Hibbert
When & where: July to September. Widespread in southern England and Wales. Found in a variety of habitats, including gardens.
Description: Up to 8.5cm long. Green and chunky, with purple and white stripes on the body and a black and yellow horn on the rear.
Privet hawk-moth caterpillar ©Roy Bedborough
When & where: June to September. Widespread in a variety of habitats, including parks, gardens and wetlands. They feed on poplars and willows.
Description: Recently hatched caterpillars are tiny and black, with two long, whip-like tails. Older caterpillars are plump and green, with a dark, white-edged saddle. The head is surrounded by a pink patch, with false eyes making it look like a giant face. They still have two thin tails. When theyre fully fed and ready to pupate, they turn a purplish colour.
Puss moth caterpillar ©Vaughn Matthews
Puss moth caterpillar © Vaughn Matthews
Puss moth caterpillar © Tom Hibbert
Newly hatched puss moth caterpillars © Frank Porch
When & where: April-July. A range of open habitats, including gardens. Feeds on mulleins and buddleia.
Description: Distinctive whitish caterpillars, with yellow splodges across the body and large black spots.
Mullein caterpillar © Frank Porch
Mullein moth caterpillar ©Chris Lawrence
Mullein caterpillar © Frank Porch
Mullein caterpillar © Frank Porch
When & where: August-June. Scrubby habitats including hedgerows, woodland and gardens.
Description: Black with long, greyish-white hairs. On top it has a pair of red lines, with a row of white blotches either side of them. A red line runs along each side. The hairs can be an irritant.
Yellow-tail moth caterpillar ©Chris Lawrence
Yellow-tail caterpillar © Tom Hibbert
Yellow-tail caterpillar © Tom Hibbert
When & where: August-May. Scrubby habitats, including coastal scrub.
Description: Black with long brown hairs, two red spots on top and a line of white marks along each side. Found in conspicuous communal webs on food plants. The hairs cause skin irritation.
Brown-tail moth caterpillar © Tom Hibbert
Young brown-tail caterpillar © Chris Lawrence
Brown-tail caterpillar © Frank Porch
When & where: June-October. Grasslands, wetlands, heathlands, open woodlands, and coastal habitats.
Description: Black with brown hairs. Row of alternating red spots and lines on top, with a line of white dashes either side. Row of spots and dashes on each side. Rests with slight hunch in the back.
Knot grass caterpillar © Vaughn Matthews
Knot grass caterpillar © Frank Porch
Knot grass caterpillar © Frank Porch
When & where: May-July. Common in a range of habitats where common nettle is present.
Description: Up to 4.5 cm. Black with black spines and small white dots. Found in communal webs on common nettles.
Peacock caterpillar © Margaret Holland
Peacock caterpillars ©Vaughn Matthews
Peacock caterpillars © Jon Hawkins – Surrey Hills Photography
When & where: May-September. Commonly found in a variety of habitats including woodland, parks and gardens.
Description: A funky-looking grey and black caterpillar, with large tufts of hair, including a mohawk of yellow tufts on the back. Large caterpillars can often be spotted in late summer on a range of shrubs and trees.
Vapourer caterpillar © Pete Richman
Vapourer caterpillar © Les Binns
Vapourer moth caterpillar ©Tom Hibbert
When & where: June-October. Found on a wide variety of deciduous trees and other plants, including bramble.
Description: A striking bright green caterpillar, with black bands between its body segments, yellow/whitish hairs, a row of yellow tufts on top and a red tuft at the rear.
Pale tussock caterpillar ©Lizzie Wilberforce
Pale tussock caterpillar © Frank Porch
Pale tussock caterpillar © Frank Porch
Sawflies are a group of flies, whose larvae look very similar to moth and butterfly caterpillars. The larvae are usually 1-4 cm long, but come in an impressive variety of colours. One way to spot a sawfly larva is to count the legs – they also have six true legs, but usually have six or more pairs of the stumpy prologs, whereas caterpillars have five or fewer.
Rose sawfly larvae ©Les Binns
Iris sawfly © Tom Hibbert
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Yellow hairy caterpillar with black head
FAQ
What are the yellow caterpillars with black hair?
American Dagger Moth. This unique caterpillar was brought into my office this week for identification. The American Dagger Moth is a striking caterpillar with its bright yellow to white fuzzy hair and five long black “seta” or hair-like structures.
Is American Dagger Moth bad?
IN THE GARDEN: American dagger moth caterpillars won’t cause much harm to your plants — but you shouldn’t handle them.Nov 5, 2022
What is a black and yellow caterpillar poisonous?
The American Dagger Moth caterpillar is a beautiful yellow caterpillar with long black hairs sticking out. It’s definitely the kind of natural wonder that a young child would want to pick up and show to Mom and Dad. The caterpillar’s natural defense mechanism is to poison with toxins on its hairs.
Is a tussock moth caterpillar poisonous?
- Non-Venomous: While the hairs on tussock moth caterpillars can cause irritation, they do not contain venom.
- Skin Irritation: The hairs themselves can puncture the skin, leading to itching, burning, and sometimes a rash.
- Individual Sensitivity: The reaction to the hairs varies greatly from person to person.
- Defense Mechanism: The hairs serve as a defense against predators.
- Prevention: It’s best to avoid touching tussock moth caterpillars, especially if you have sensitive skin or a history of allergic reactions. If you do come into contact, you can try covering the area with tape and washing it with soap and water.
What does a yellow-necked caterpillar look like?
The yellow-necked caterpillar is a type of green caterpillar with black and yellow markings. It has a black furry body with longitudinal yellow stripes and yellow and black feet. When threatened, it rolls its body into a distinctive U shape.
What does a yellow Caterpillar with a black head mean?
But don’t panic if you find a yellow caterpillar with a black head – it’s likely a common moth or butterfly in its juvenile stage. Learning to identify caterpillars by color and markings can help you understand whether they’re a threat or beneficial pollinators for your garden. What Kinds of Yellow and Black Caterpillars are There?
What types of caterpillars have yellow bodies and black heads?
Several types of moth and butterfly caterpillars have yellow bodies and black heads. Here are some of the most common: American Dagger Moth – These furry caterpillars have long black tufts or “daggers” behind their heads. They feed on trees like oak, maple, and elm.
What does a fuzzy yellow caterpillar look like?
A fuzzy yellow caterpillar is covered in black spots, white hairs, and black tubercles. It may also appear orange and black, depending on the species. These hairy yellow caterpillars are more active in late March and April.
Do caterpillars have black heads?
If you have been gardening lately or you encountered a caterpillar with a black head when out in the woodland areas, you may wish to identify it. The good news is that black is not a warning color, unlike red or yellow. Many of these caterpillars do have red, yellow, or orange markings on their black heads to deter predators.
What does a spiky black caterpillar look like?
A spiky black caterpillar can be identified by its distinctive black and yellow appearance. It has a fuzzy black body with yellow patches and tufts of hair. Some species may also have white bands along their sides, a deep red globular head, and red prolegs.